@article {144,
	title = {Serotonin and neuropeptide F have opposite modulatory effects on fly aggression.},
	journal = {Nat Genet},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007 May},
	pages = {678-82},
	abstract = {<p>Both serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y have been shown to affect a variety of mammalian behaviors, including aggression. Here we show in Drosophila melanogaster that both 5-HT and neuropeptide F, the invertebrate homolog of neuropeptide Y, modulate aggression. We show that drug-induced increases of 5-HT in the fly brain increase aggression. Elevating 5-HT genetically in the serotonergic circuits recapitulates these pharmacological effects, whereas genetic silencing of these circuits makes the flies behaviorally unresponsive to the drug-induced increase of 5-HT but leaves them capable of aggression. Genetic silencing of the neuropeptide F (npf) circuit also increases fly aggression, demonstrating an opposite modulation to 5-HT. Moreover, this neuropeptide F effect seems to be independent of 5-HT. The implication of these two modulatory systems in fly and mouse aggression suggest a marked degree of conservation and a deep molecular root for this behavior.</p>
},
	keywords = {Aggression, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Biological Evolution, Brain, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila Proteins, Gene Silencing, Neuropeptides, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Serotonin},
	issn = {1061-4036},
	doi = {10.1038/ng2029},
	author = {Dierick, Herman A and Greenspan, Ralph J}
}
@article {145,
	title = {Molecular analysis of flies selected for aggressive behavior.},
	journal = {Nat Genet},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 Sep},
	pages = {1023-31},
	abstract = {<p>Aggressive behavior is pervasive throughout the animal kingdom, and yet very little is known about its molecular underpinnings. To address this problem, we have developed a population-based selection procedure to increase aggression in Drosophila melanogaster. We measured changes in aggressive behavior in the selected subpopulations with a new two-male arena assay. In only ten generations of selection, the aggressive lines became markedly more aggressive than the neutral lines. After 21 generations, the fighting index increased more than 30-fold. Using microarray analysis, we identified genes with differing expression levels in the aggressive and neutral lines as candidates for this strong behavioral selection response. We tested a small set of these genes through mutant analysis and found that one significantly increased fighting frequency. These results suggest that selection for increases in aggression can be used to molecularly dissect this behavior.</p>
},
	keywords = {Aggression, Agonistic Behavior, Animals, Behavior, Animal, DNA Mutational Analysis, Drosophila melanogaster, Male, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, RNA, Selection, Genetic},
	issn = {1061-4036},
	doi = {10.1038/ng1864},
	author = {Dierick, Herman A and Greenspan, Ralph J}
}
