@article {2188,
	title = {Discovery of genomic loci of the human cerebral cortex using genetically informed brain atlases.},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {375},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022 02 04},
	pages = {522-528},
	abstract = {<p>To determine the impact of genetic variants on the brain, we used genetically informed brain atlases in genome-wide association studies of regional cortical surface area and thickness in 39,898 adults and 9136 children. We uncovered 440 genome-wide significant loci in the discovery cohort and 800 from a post hoc combined meta-analysis. Loci in adulthood were largely captured in childhood, showing signatures of negative selection, and were linked to early neurodevelopment and pathways associated with neuropsychiatric risk. Opposing gradations of decreased surface area and increased thickness were associated with common inversion polymorphisms. Inferior frontal regions, encompassing Broca{\textquoteright}s area, which is important for speech, were enriched for human-specific genomic elements. Thus, a mixed genetic landscape of conserved and human-specific features is concordant with brain hierarchy and morphogenetic gradients.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Chromatin, Cohort Studies, Female, Gene Ontology, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Loci, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Disorders, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abe8457},
	author = {Makowski, Carolina and van der Meer, Dennis and Dong, Weixiu and Wang, Hao and Wu, Yan and Zou, Jingjing and Liu, Cin and Rosenthal, Sara B and Hagler, Donald J and Fan, Chun Chieh and Kremen, William S and Andreassen, Ole A and Jernigan, Terry L and Dale, Anders M and Zhang, Kun and Visscher, Peter M and Yang, Jian and Chen, Chi-Hua}
}
@article {142,
	title = {Selection, gene interaction, and flexible gene networks.},
	journal = {Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {131-8},
	abstract = {<p>Recent results from a variety of different kinds of experiments, mainly using behavior as an assay, and ranging from laboratory selection experiments to gene interaction studies, show that a much wider range of genes can affect phenotype than those identified as "core genes" in classical mutant screens. Moreover, very pleiotropic genes can produce specific phenotypes when mild variants are combined. These studies also show that gene networks readily change configuration and the relationships between interacting genes in response to the introduction of additional genetic variants, suggesting that the networks range widely and have a high degree of flexibility and malleability. Such flexibility, in turn, offers a plausible mechanism for the molding of phenotypes through microevolution, as a prerequisite to making a suitable environment for the acceptance of newly arising large-effect mutations in the transition from microevolution to macroevolution.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Drosophila melanogaster, Epistasis, Genetic, Escherichia coli, Female, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genes, Insect, Genetic Association Studies, Male, Models, Genetic, Mutation, Selection, Genetic},
	issn = {1943-4456},
	doi = {10.1101/sqb.2009.74.029},
	author = {Greenspan, R J}
}
