@article {212,
	title = {Neural substrates of time perception and impulsivity.},
	journal = {Brain Res},
	volume = {1406},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Aug 11},
	pages = {43-58},
	abstract = {<p>Several studies provide empirical evidence for the association between impulsivity and time perception. However, little is known about the neural substrates underlying this function. This investigation examined the influence of impulsivity on neural activation patterns during the encoding and reproduction of intervals with durations of 3, 9 and 18s using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-seven subjects participated in this study, including 15 high impulsive subjects that were classified based on their self-rating. FMRI activation during the duration reproduction task was correlated with measures of two self-report questionnaires related to the concept of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS; Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, ZTPI). Behaviorally, those individuals who under-reproduced temporal intervals also showed lower scores on the ZTPI future perspective subscale and higher scores on the BIS. FMRI activation revealed an accumulating pattern of neural activity peaking at the end of the 9- and 18-s intervals within right posterior insula. Activations of brain regions during the reproduction phase of the timing task, such as those related to motor execution as well as to the {\textquoteright}core control network{\textquoteright} - encompassing the inferior frontal and medial frontal cortices, the anterior insula as well as the inferior parietal cortex - were significantly correlated with reproduced duration, as well as with BIS and ZTPI subscales. In particular, the greater activation in these regions the shorter were the reproduced intervals, the more impulsive was an individual and the less pronounced the future perspective. Activation in the core control network, thus, may form a biological marker for cognitive time management and for impulsiveness.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Impulsive Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Personality Inventory, Reaction Time, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Time Perception, Young Adult},
	issn = {1872-6240},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.048},
	author = {Wittmann, Marc and Simmons, Alan N and Flagan, Taru and Lane, Scott D and Wackermann, Ji{\v r}{\'\i} and Paulus, Martin P}
}
@article {211,
	title = {Accumulation of neural activity in the posterior insula encodes the passage of time.},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Aug},
	pages = {3110-20},
	abstract = {<p>A number of studies have examined the perception of time with durations ranging from milliseconds to a few seconds, however the neural basis of these processes are still poorly understood and the neural substrates underlying the perception of multiple-second intervals are unknown. Here we present evidence of neural systems activity in circumscribed areas of the human brain involved in the encoding of intervals with durations of 9 and 18s in a temporal reproduction task using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During the encoding there was greater activation in more posterior parts of the medial frontal and insular cortex whereas the reproduction phase involved more anterior parts of these brain structures. Intriguingly, activation curves over time show an accumulating pattern of neural activity, which peaks at the end of the interval within bilateral posterior insula and superior temporal cortex when individuals are presented with 9- and 18-s tone intervals. This is consistent with an accumulator-type activity, which encodes duration in the multiple seconds range. Given the close connection between the dorsal posterior insula and ascending internal body signals, we suggest that the accumulation of physiological changes in body states constitutes our experience of time. This is the first time that an accumulation function in the posterior insula is detected that might be correlated with the encoding of time intervals.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Time Perception, Young Adult},
	issn = {1873-3514},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.023},
	author = {Wittmann, Marc and Simmons, Alan N and Aron, Jennifer L and Paulus, Martin P}
}
