@article {1687,
	title = {How struggling adult readers use contextual information when comprehending speech: Evidence from event-related potentials.},
	journal = {Int J Psychophysiol},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 03},
	pages = {1-9},
	abstract = {<p>We investigated how struggling adult readers make use of sentence context to facilitate word processing when comprehending spoken language, conditions under which print decoding is not a barrier to comprehension. Stimuli were strongly and weakly constraining sentences (as measured by cloze probability), which ended with the most expected word based on those constraints or an unexpected but plausible word. Community-dwelling adults with varying literacy skills listened to continuous speech while their EEG was recorded. Participants, regardless of literacy level, showed N400 effects yoked to the cloze probability of the targets, with larger N400 amplitudes for less expected than more expected words. However, literacy-related differences emerged in an earlier time window of 170-300 ms: higher literacy adults produced a reduced negativity for strongly predictable targets over anterior channels, similar to previously reported effects on the Phonological Mapping Negativity (PMN), whereas low-literacy adults did not. Collectively, these findings suggest that in auditory sentence processing literacy may not notably affect the incremental activation of semantic features, but that comprehenders with underdeveloped literacy skills may be less likely to engage predictive processing. Thus, basic mechanisms of comprehension may be recruited differently as a function of literacy development-even in spoken language.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Brain Mapping, Comprehension, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Literacy, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Reading, Speech, Young Adult},
	issn = {1872-7697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.013},
	author = {Ng, Shukhan and Payne, Brennan R and Stine-Morrow, Elizabeth A L and Federmeier, Kara D}
}
@article {191,
	title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of bilingual word processing.},
	journal = {Neuroimage},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Feb 15},
	pages = {3286-94},
	abstract = {<p>Studies with monolingual adults have identified successive stages occurring in different brain regions for processing single written words. We combined magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging to compare these stages between the first (L1) and second (L2) languages in bilingual adults. L1 words in a size judgment task evoked a typical left-lateralized sequence of activity first in ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOT: previously associated with visual word-form encoding) and then ventral frontotemporal regions (associated with lexico-semantic processing). Compared to L1, words in L2 activated right VOT more strongly from approximately 135 ms; this activation was attenuated when words became highly familiar with repetition. At approximately 400 ms, L2 responses were generally later than L1, more bilateral, and included the same lateral occipitotemporal areas as were activated by pictures. We propose that acquiring a language involves the recruitment of right hemisphere and posterior visual areas that are not necessary once fluency is achieved.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Magnetoencephalography, Male, Multilingualism, Nerve Net, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading, Semantics, Young Adult},
	issn = {1095-9572},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.009},
	author = {Leonard, Matthew K and Brown, Timothy T and Travis, Katherine E and Gharapetian, Lusineh and Hagler, Donald J and Dale, Anders M and Elman, Jeffrey L and Halgren, Eric}
}
