@article {1686,
	title = {Spatial fine-mapping for gene-by-environment effects identifies risk hot spots for schizophrenia.},
	journal = {Nat Commun},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 12 13},
	pages = {5296},
	abstract = {<p>Spatial mapping is a promising strategy to investigate the mechanisms underlying the incidence of psychosis. We analyzed a case-cohort study (n = 24,028), drawn from the 1.47 million Danish persons born between 1981 and 2005, using a novel framework for decomposing the geospatial risk for schizophrenia based on locale of upbringing and polygenic scores. Upbringing in a high environmental risk locale increases the risk for schizophrenia by 122\%. Individuals living in a high gene-by-environmental risk locale have a 78\% increased risk compared to those who have the same genetic liability but live in a low-risk locale. Effects of specific locales vary substantially within the most densely populated city of Denmark, with hazard ratios ranging from 0.26 to 9.26 for environment and from 0.20 to 5.95 for gene-by-environment. These findings indicate the critical synergism of gene and environment on the etiology of schizophrenia and demonstrate the potential of incorporating geolocation in genetic studies.</p>
},
	keywords = {Chromosome Mapping, Denmark, Environment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Geography, Humans, Proof of Concept Study, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-07708-7},
	author = {Fan, Chun Chieh and McGrath, John J and Appadurai, Vivek and Buil, Alfonso and Gandal, Michael J and Schork, Andrew J and Mortensen, Preben Bo and Agerbo, Esben and Geschwind, Sandy A and Geschwind, Daniel and Werge, Thomas and Thompson, Wesley K and Pedersen, Carsten B{\o}cker}
}
@article {181,
	title = {Atypical social referencing in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders.},
	journal = {J Autism Dev Disord},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Dec},
	pages = {2611-21},
	abstract = {<p>Social referencing was investigated in 18-month-old siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; "high-risk infants"). Infants were exposed to novel toys, which were emotionally tagged via adults{\textquoteright} facial and vocal signals. Infants{\textquoteright} information seeking (initiation of joint attention with an adult) and their approach/withdrawal behavior toward the toys before versus after the adults{\textquoteright} emotional signals was measured. Compared to both typically developing infants and high-risk infants without ASD, infants later diagnosed with ASD engaged in slower information seeking, suggesting that this aspect of referencing may be an early indicator of ASD. High-risk infants, both those who were and those who were not later diagnosed with ASD, exhibited impairments in regulating their behavior based on the adults{\textquoteright} emotional signals, suggesting that this aspect of social referencing may reflect an endophenotype for ASD.</p>
},
	keywords = {Attention, Child, Child Development, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Endophenotypes, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Male, Risk Factors, Siblings, Social Behavior},
	issn = {1573-3432},
	doi = {10.1007/s10803-012-1518-8},
	author = {Cornew, Lauren and Dobkins, Karen R and Akshoomoff, Natacha and McCleery, Joseph P and Carver, Leslie J}
}
