@article {1697, title = {A neural data structure for novelty detection.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {115}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 12 18}, pages = {13093-13098}, abstract = {

Novelty detection is a fundamental biological problem that organisms must solve to determine whether a given stimulus departs from those previously experienced. In computer science, this problem is solved efficiently using a data structure called a Bloom filter. We found that the fruit fly olfactory circuit evolved a variant of a Bloom filter to assess the novelty of odors. Compared with a traditional Bloom filter, the fly adjusts novelty responses based on two additional features: the similarity of an odor to previously experienced odors and the time elapsed since the odor was last experienced. We elaborate and validate a framework to predict novelty responses of fruit flies to given pairs of odors. We also translate insights from the fly circuit to develop a class of distance- and time-sensitive Bloom filters that outperform prior filters when evaluated on several biological and computational datasets. Overall, our work illuminates the algorithmic basis of an important neurobiological problem and offers strategies for novelty detection in computational systems.

}, keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Drosophila, Models, Biological, Nerve Net, Neural Networks (Computer), Odorants, Olfactory Pathways}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1814448115}, author = {Dasgupta, Sanjoy and Sheehan, Timothy C and Stevens, Charles F and Navlakha, Saket} } @article {141, title = {Jellyfish nervous systems.}, journal = {Curr Biol}, volume = {23}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jul 22}, pages = {R592-4}, keywords = {Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cnidaria, Nerve Net, Nervous System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena}, issn = {1879-0445}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.057}, author = {Katsuki, Takeo and Greenspan, Ralph J} } @article {159, title = {The brain activity map project and the challenge of functional connectomics.}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {74}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jun 21}, pages = {970-4}, abstract = {

The function of neural circuits is an emergent property that arises from the coordinated activity of large numbers of neurons. To capture this, we propose launching a large-scale, international public effort, the Brain Activity Map Project, aimed at reconstructing the full record of neural activity across complete neural circuits. This technological challenge could prove to be an invaluable step toward understanding fundamental and pathological brain processes.

}, keywords = {Action Potentials, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neurons}, issn = {1097-4199}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006}, author = {Alivisatos, A Paul and Chun, Miyoung and Church, George M and Greenspan, Ralph J and Roukes, Michael L and Yuste, Rafael} } @article {191, title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of bilingual word processing.}, journal = {Neuroimage}, volume = {49}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Feb 15}, pages = {3286-94}, abstract = {

Studies with monolingual adults have identified successive stages occurring in different brain regions for processing single written words. We combined magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging to compare these stages between the first (L1) and second (L2) languages in bilingual adults. L1 words in a size judgment task evoked a typical left-lateralized sequence of activity first in ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOT: previously associated with visual word-form encoding) and then ventral frontotemporal regions (associated with lexico-semantic processing). Compared to L1, words in L2 activated right VOT more strongly from approximately 135 ms; this activation was attenuated when words became highly familiar with repetition. At approximately 400 ms, L2 responses were generally later than L1, more bilateral, and included the same lateral occipitotemporal areas as were activated by pictures. We propose that acquiring a language involves the recruitment of right hemisphere and posterior visual areas that are not necessary once fluency is achieved.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Magnetoencephalography, Male, Multilingualism, Nerve Net, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading, Semantics, Young Adult}, issn = {1095-9572}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.009}, author = {Leonard, Matthew K and Brown, Timothy T and Travis, Katherine E and Gharapetian, Lusineh and Hagler, Donald J and Dale, Anders M and Elman, Jeffrey L and Halgren, Eric} } @article {175, title = {Computational influence of adult neurogenesis on memory encoding.}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {61}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Jan 29}, pages = {187-202}, abstract = {

Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus leads to the incorporation of thousands of new granule cells into the dentate gyrus every month, but its function remains unclear. Here, we present computational evidence that indicates that adult neurogenesis may make three separate but related contributions to memory formation. First, immature neurons introduce a degree of similarity to memories learned at the same time, a process we refer to as pattern integration. Second, the extended maturation and change in excitability of these neurons make this added similarity a time-dependent effect, supporting the possibility that temporal information is included in new hippocampal memories. Finally, our model suggests that the experience-dependent addition of neurons results in a dentate gyrus network well suited for encoding new memories in familiar contexts while treating novel contexts differently. Taken together, these results indicate that new granule cells may affect hippocampal function in several unique and previously unpredicted ways.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Algorithms, Animals, Cell Proliferation, Computer Simulation, Dentate Gyrus, Humans, Memory, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neurogenesis, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Stem Cells, Synapses, Time Perception}, issn = {1097-4199}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.026}, author = {Aimone, James B and Wiles, Janet and Gage, Fred H} } @article {160, title = {A proposal for a coordinated effort for the determination of brainwide neuroanatomical connectivity in model organisms at a mesoscopic scale.}, journal = {PLoS Comput Biol}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Mar}, pages = {e1000334}, abstract = {

In this era of complete genomes, our knowledge of neuroanatomical circuitry remains surprisingly sparse. Such knowledge is critical, however, for both basic and clinical research into brain function. Here we advocate for a concerted effort to fill this gap, through systematic, experimental mapping of neural circuits at a mesoscopic scale of resolution suitable for comprehensive, brainwide coverage, using injections of tracers or viral vectors. We detail the scientific and medical rationale and briefly review existing knowledge and experimental techniques. We define a set of desiderata, including brainwide coverage; validated and extensible experimental techniques suitable for standardization and automation; centralized, open-access data repository; compatibility with existing resources; and tractability with current informatics technology. We discuss a hypothetical but tractable plan for mouse, additional efforts for the macaque, and technique development for human. We estimate that the mouse connectivity project could be completed within five years with a comparatively modest budget.

}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Databases, Factual, Humans, Macaca, Mice, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neuroanatomy, Research Design}, issn = {1553-7358}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000334}, author = {Bohland, Jason W and Wu, Caizhi and Barbas, Helen and Bokil, Hemant and Bota, Mihail and Breiter, Hans C and Cline, Hollis T and Doyle, John C and Freed, Peter J and Greenspan, Ralph J and Haber, Suzanne N and Hawrylycz, Michael and Herrera, Daniel G and Hilgetag, Claus C and Huang, Z Josh and Jones, Allan and Jones, Edward G and Karten, Harvey J and Kleinfeld, David and K{\"o}tter, Rolf and Lester, Henry A and Lin, John M and Mensh, Brett D and Mikula, Shawn and Panksepp, Jaak and Price, Joseph L and Safdieh, Joseph and Saper, Clifford B and Schiff, Nicholas D and Schmahmann, Jeremy D and Stillman, Bruce W and Svoboda, Karel and Swanson, Larry W and Toga, Arthur W and Van Essen, David C and Watson, James D and Mitra, Partha P} }